Effect of Particle Diameter on Primary Breakup of High-Pressure Diesel Spray Atomization: A Study Based on Numerical Simulations Using the Eulerian–Lagrangian Model

The coupling of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods in the Eulerian–Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) approach is critical. This study proposes an equation for primary breakup particle diameter D a diesel fuel spray adopts it as key transition criterion coupling. A three-dimensional modeled by large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. improved ELSA was conducted using various criteria Dcr. results show that experiences two stages: stage I, when liquid column appears without dispersed phase, II, occurs with many discrete particles. Although Dcr has little influence on macro-spray characteristics, such top penetration distance S cone angle θ, significant effects particles, their number, average diameter, distribution location, area. should be determined basis actual operating conditions.